Rising rural poverty also encourages migration to urban areas.
), (2013), Segregation and apartheid in twentieth century South Africa, Routledge, pages 25–35Griffin, E., and Ford, L. (1980), A model of Latin American city structure, Geographical Review, pages 397–422Bauman, John F (1987), Public Housing, Race, and Renewal: Urban Planning in Philadelphia, 1920–1974, Philadelphia, Temple University PressMinnery et al., Slum upgrading and urban governance: Case studies in three South East Asian cities, Habitat International, Volume 39, July 2013, Pages 162–169SLUMS OF THE WORLD: THE FACE OF URBAN POVERTY IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM?, Gerald Suttles (1970), The Social Order of the Slum: Ethnicity and Territory in the Inner City, Lloyd, P. (1979), Slums of Hope: shanty towns of the Third World, Manchester University Press, McAuslan, Patrick.
For example, the Sabarmati Riverfront Project, a recreational development in Ahmedabad, India, forcefully relocated over 19,000 families from shacks along the river to 13 public housing complexes that were an average of 9 km away from the family's original dwelling.Slums exist in many countries and have become a global phenomenon.The distribution of slums within a city varies throughout the world. "Urbanization and Urban Growth in Indonesia." This strategy ignores several dimensions of a slum life. Due to increasing urbanization of the general populace, slums became common in the 18th to late 20th centuries in the United States and Europe.Slums form and grow in different parts of the world for many different reasons. In reality, slums are often integrated with every aspect of a slum resident's life, including sources of employment, distance from work and social life.Some governments have begun to approach slums as a possible opportunity to urban development by slum upgrading. Natural disaster hotspots: a global risk analysis (Vol. Cape Town, SA: University of Cape Town Press Examples of prevalent non-infectious diseases include: cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, neurological disorders, and mental illness.Lack of reliable data also has a negative impact on slum dwellers' health. The strategy sees slum as merely a place where the poor lives. Others pay rent to those who have constructed their habitations.Small scale farming is commonly practiced, despite the crowded conditions.With poor infrastructure, few resources, overcrowding, and proximity to the dump, health in Korogocho is poor. (2004). Common causes include rapid rural-to-urban migration, poor planning, economic stagnation and depression, poverty, high unemployment, informal economy, colonialism and segregation, politics, natural disasters and social conflicts. Slums are often placed among the places vulnerable to natural disasters such as landslides and floods. 1 (1993); pages 3–20TURNER, J. F. C. and FICHTER, R. (Eds) (1972) Freedom to Build. RoutledgeUnited Nations Human Settlements Programme, The challenge of slums: global report on human settlements 2003, London and Sterling, Earthscan Publications Ltd; 2003; Wohl, A. S. (1977). Recognizing and notifying slums often triggers a creation of property rights, and requires that the government provide public services and infrastructure to the slum residents.Slums are often placed among the places vulnerable to natural disasters such as Due to lack of skills and education as well as competitive job markets,Examples of licit informal economy include street vending, household enterprises, product assembly and packaging, making garlands and embroideries, domestic work, shoe polishing or repair, driving Examples of illicit informal economy include illegal substance and weapons trafficking, drug or moonshine/The slum-dwellers in informal economies run many risks. (1994) Toward Environmental Strategies for Cities. It also encourages them to upgrade their housing facilities, which will give them protection against natural and unnatural hazards.Slum areas are characterized by substandard housing structures.Overcrowding is another characteristic of slums. Slum clearance removes the slum, but it does not remove the causes that create and maintain the slum.Slum relocation strategies rely on removing the slums and relocating the slum poor to free semi-rural peripheries of cities, sometimes in free housing. New York: The Free PressRosemary Wakeman, The Heroic City: Paris, 1945–1958, University of Chicago Press, Courgey (1908), Recherche et classement des anormaux: enquête sur les enfants des Écoles de la ville d'Ivry-sur-Seine, International Magazine of School Hygiene, Ed: Sir Lauder Brunton, 395–418Janice Perlman (1980), The Myth of Marginality: Urban Poverty and Politics in Rio de Janeiro; University of California Press, Tjiptoherijanto, Prinjono, and Eddy Hasmi. 1962. Each dwelling may be cohabited by multiple families. The government of space: town planning in modern society. Economic stagnation in a nation with a growing population reduces per capita disposal income in urban and rural areas, increasing urban and rural poverty. Int'l & Comp. (1981).